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<channel>
	<title>epoche &amp;laquo; WordPress.com Tag Feed</title>
	<link>http://wordpress.com/tag/epoche/</link>
	<description>Feed of posts on WordPress.com tagged "epoche"</description>
	<pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2008 22:41:53 +0000</pubDate>

	<generator>http://wordpress.com/tags/</generator>
	<language>en</language>

<item>
<title><![CDATA[Epochenwende]]></title>
<link>http://efeder.wordpress.com/?p=123</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 15 Jul 2008 15:47:15 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Mcp</dc:creator>
<guid>http://efeder.wordpress.com/?p=123</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ich habe nie ein Kursbuch der Bahn gesehen oder in der Hand gehalten. Ich habe bis heute nicht einma]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ich habe nie ein Kursbuch der Bahn gesehen oder in der Hand gehalten. Ich habe bis heute nicht einmal gewusst, dass es so ein Buch überhaupt gab. Da erfahre in nun, dass der Hans Magnus Enzensberger in der FAZ über das Ende der Kursbuchepoche sinniert.</p>
<blockquote><p>„Die Deutsche Bahn hat angekündigt, ihr Kursbuch künftig nur noch im Internet oder auf CD-ROM anzubieten. Im Dezember erscheint das letzte gedruckte Exemplar, das erste stammt aus dem Jahr 1845.“<br />
<strong>Quelle:</strong> FAZ; <a href="http://www.faz.net/s/Rub1DA1FB848C1E44858CB87A0FE6AD1B68/Doc~EA2FAECF212C849F580AECFDA57542CB5~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html" target="_blank">Letzter Halt Internet</a></p></blockquote>
<p>Ohne den Text hätte ich die Epochenwende nicht bemerkt. Wenn ich es recht bedenke, weiß ich überhaupt nicht, wie eine Ära zu Ende geht, sondern nur, wie eine Neue beginnt.</p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Isabelle]]></title>
<link>http://libreriamirada.wordpress.com/?p=292</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 09 Jun 2008 16:52:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>gianlucacostantini</dc:creator>
<guid>http://libreriamirada.wordpress.com/?p=292</guid>
<description><![CDATA[
John Berger, Nella Bielski - Isabelle
111 pagine
15 Euro + 2,50 euro di spedizione
Casa editrice: e]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://libreriamirada.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/isabelle.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-291" src="http://libreriamirada.wordpress.com/files/2008/06/isabelle.jpg" alt="" width="132" height="200" /></a></p>
<p><span>John Berger, Nella Bielski</span> - Isabelle<br />
111 pagine<br />
15 Euro + 2,50 euro di spedizione<br />
Casa editrice: epochè<br />
Lingua: italiano</p>
<p>John Berger, inglese, formatosi in primo luogo come pittore, poi divenuto critico d'arte, è autore di saggi, romanzi, racconti, poesie, sceneggiature e testi teatrali.</p>
<p>Nella Bielski è nata in Ucraina e vive a Parigi. Dopo aver studiato filosofia all'università di Mosca, ha scritto per il cinema e il teatro.</p>
<p><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">L’intensa “storia per quadri” di John Berger e Nella Bielski ricrea la vita di Isabelle Eberhardt. Nel 1897, Isabelle, all’età di ventidue anni, lascia Ginevra per Kenadsa, alla frontiera con il Marocco. Spinta da un’irrequietezza spirituale e dal desiderio di trascendere i vincoli artificiali della società, si spinge fino al Sahara, nel cuore dell’Islam. Vestita da giovane arabo, fa dell’Islam la sua religione e del deserto la sua casa: lo percorre in lungo e in largo, a cavallo, con una sacca piena di libri e i soli abiti che aveva indosso. Fino alla morte, giunta a solo ventisette anni, vive in estrema povertà, da nomade con i nomadi, condivide con loro fatiche e malattie, lontana da ogni fascinazione orientalistica tipica del suo tempo. Profondamente religiosa ma anche soggetta a eccessi di ogni tipo, è diventata ormai un personaggio leggendario.</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">In questo testo teatrale asciutto ma vibrante, i due autori ci restituiscono tutto il fascino di un personaggio forte, pieno di vita e di passione, che potrebbe essere ancora oggi considerato trasgressivo.</span></strong></p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Cerimoniale]]></title>
<link>http://ovunquelibri.wordpress.com/?p=52</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2008 14:41:15 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ovunquelibri</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ovunquelibri.wordpress.com/?p=52</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Sarah è un poliziotto della brigata antiterrorista di Algeri. Nel portagioie ereditato da sua madre]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://ovunquelibri.wordpress.com/files/2008/05/cerimoniale.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-53" src="http://ovunquelibri.wordpress.com/files/2008/05/cerimoniale.jpg" alt="" width="140" height="213" /></a>Sarah è un poliziotto della brigata antiterrorista di Algeri. Nel portagioie ereditato da sua madre conserva orrori. L'occhio essiccato di una vittima. Trasformato in ciondolo da Flicha, un terrorista. Un assassino stupratore.</p>
<p>Conserva un grazioso pacchetto di carta blu. Un pacchetto che contiene frammenti di cervello. “Si direbbero briciole di pane raffermo” (p.95). Li ha trovati la moglie della vittima, incastrati sotto il tergicristalli dell'automobile.</p>
<p>Conserva anche la cartella di plastica nera di un ragazzino di undici anni. Ucciso nel cortile della sua scuola mentre lavava la spugna per la lavagna.</p>
<p>Sarah è circondata dagli orrori. Vede “un cadavere che strisciava e si attorcigliava” (p.16). Vede e sta male. Vomita. Riesce a mandare giù soltanto tazze di caffè con molto zucchero.</p>
<p>Sarah non è insensibile. Tutt'altro. E' “ossessionata dai quei destini incompiuti. Quelle vite rovinate” (p.114). Cerca vendetta per le vittime di cinque anni di folli omicidi.</p>
<p>Sarah conserva orrori perché non vuole dimenticare. E non vuole neppure che gli altri dimentichino.</p>
<p>Per questo festeggia la vigilia del primo dell'anno nei locali della brigata. “Nella sala grande tappezzata di poster giganti e di articoli di giornale che rappresentavano le vittime dell'integralismo islamico” (p.143).</p>
<p>Ma non c'è solo orrore in questo romanzo di Boudjedra.</p>
<p>C'è lo zio Hocine, lo zio Amar, il capo bisbetico. C'è la moglie del giudice minorile.</p>
<p>C'è Algeri, la città che Sarah aveva l'impressione “rotolasse verso il mare” (p.110).</p>
<p>C'è la lumaca. “Una buffa bestiola” (p. 132) che cammina sulla lingua, è ermafrodita e cammina a una velocità di 0,003 chilometri all'ora. La lumaca che è simbolo di evoluzione e involuzione. De “l'ordine in seno al cambiamento [...] l'equilibrio nello squilibrio” (p.134).</p>
<p>C'è l'eterno vorticoso ritorno dell'uguale. E c'è l'amore. Quello tra Sarah e Salim, il poliziotto filosofo. L'uomo che gioca a scacchi, che legge Spinoza e Aristotele. L'uomo che non parla molto, che scrive lunghe lettere in cui si racconta. Come Agostino nelle Confessioni.</p>
<p>Rachid Boudjedra, Cerimoniale, Epoché (10 €).</p>
<p>già in <a href="http://www.ilreporter.com">ilreporter.com</a></p>
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<item>
<title><![CDATA[Was ist web2.0? oder Web2.0 wird zu 2.0 Zeitalter]]></title>
<link>http://mosworld.wordpress.com/2008/05/22/was-ist-web20-oder-web20-wird-zu-20-zeitalter/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2008 17:12:26 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>mosworld</dc:creator>
<guid>http://mosworld.wordpress.com/2008/05/22/was-ist-web20-oder-web20-wird-zu-20-zeitalter/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Web2.0 Ist eins der wichtigsten Ausdrücke meines Lebens geworden in den letzen 20 Monate. Es ist ü]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Web2.0 Ist eins der wichtigsten Ausdrücke meines Lebens geworden in den letzen 20 Monate. Es ist überall. Vor allem 2.0 hängt an allem. Ich warte nur noch, dass mein Brot zu Brot2.0 wird. Nicht falsch verstehen, ich liebe Everything2.0. <a href="https://www.xing.com/net/everything2.0/">Everything2.0</a> trifft den Nagel glaube ich ganz gut auf den Kopf, so wie auch eine Gruppe bei <a href="http://www.xing.com">Xing.com</a> heißt. Für mich ist Web2.0 schon längst viel mehr, als von <a href="http://tim.oreilly.com/">Tim O´Reilly</a> beschrieben in <a href="http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html">What is  Web 2.0</a>. Web.20 ist schon längst nicht nur im Netz zu suchen. Das Verhalten von der Bürger hat sich verändert. Ich bin nicht mir sicher, ob ich sagen kann die Gesellschaft hat sich in ihrem Verhaltensmuster geändert oder nicht. Leider bin ich kein Soziologe. Ich wage mich doch zu schrieben: Web2.0 ist ein Zeitalter oder könnte für ein Zeitalter stehen. So wie auch die Industrialisierung ein Zeitalter ist. In den letzten Jahren habe ich oft von der Informationsgesellschaft gelesen als unser Zeitalter. Die Informationsgesellschaft ist nur die Vorstufe zu Web2.0, genau wie erst die Manufakturen mit Arbeitsteilung begannen, bevor es zu den Fabriken überging mit dem Einsatz von Maschinen und die Automatisierung von Arbeitsprozesse. Durch diese Veränderungen veränderte sich der Mensch in dem neuen Zeitalter. Das Selbstverständnis des Menschen, welches sich in seinem Handeln in der Gesellschaft verändert hat macht für mich ein Zeitalter aus. Mit Web2.0 verändern wir uns auch. Viele Prozesse und Werte habe sich in den letzen Jahren gewandelt. Durch diesen Wandel haben sich auch die Menschen als Teilnehmer an den  Prozessen sich gewandelt oder angepasst. Der Arbeitnehmer wird zum Wissensarbeiter der immer mehr Knowledgemanagement in Kooperation und Kollaboration mit seinen Kollegen (Community) machen muss. Das Verständnis für Privatsphäre und Datenschutz verändert sich immer mehr. Es ist nicht nur die Selbstdarstellung oder der Umgang miteinander in Social Networks sonder auch das Verhalten bei anderen Dingen. Die freizügige Weitergabe von Daten beim Einkaufen mit der Payback-Karte oder der Treuekarte ist auch Web2.0. Der Käufer erstellt ein Einkaufsprofil von sich. Dieses ist öffentlich für die "Partner" der Karte die dafür zahlen, es funktioniert nicht viel anders als <a href="https://www.google.com/adsense">Googles AdSense</a> oder personalisierte Werbung bei <a href="http://www.studivz.com">StudiVz</a>.</p>
<p>Genau wie auch in anderen Epochen gibt es im Web2.0 eine neue Ressource die sehr viel Wert ist und auch umkämpft ist:  Daten. Daten bilden die wichtigste Ressource in diesem Zeitalter. Das Sammeln von Daten ist zu ein großem Geschäft geworden. Jetzt sind es nicht bestimmte Länder die expandieren wollen jetzt, sondern Multi-Nationale Unternehmen. <a href="http://www.google.com">Google</a> stellt hierbei das British Empire dar. Google hat es in einer Dekade geschafft die wertvollste (<a href="http://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/artikel/0,2828,548768,00.html">86 Milliarden Dollar</a>) Marke auf der Welt zu werden. Ihr Geschäft sind Daten. Genau wie das Großbritannien andere Länder verschluckte ins British Empire, hält es auch Google. Es verschluckte viele Firmen: <a href="http://www.Orkut.com">Orkut</a>, <a href="http://docs.google.com/">Writely</a> (jetzt Google Docs), <a href="http://www.youtube.com">Youtube</a> usw. Alle diese Unternehmen bringen neue personalisierte Daten für Google mit. Nun versucht Microsoft mit Google mit zu kommen genau wie einige andere die sich auf das Datensammeln  begeben haben.</p>
<p>Auch klassische Dienste des Staates stellen sich um. Was auch ein Kennzeichen für ein neues Zeitalter ist. Der <a href="http://www.bnd.bund.de">Bundesnachrichtendienst</a> (BND) stellt sich z.B. bei Jobmessen, als große <a href="http://www.bnd.bund.de/cln_007/nn_355470/DE/Wir__Ueber__Uns/Produkt/Produkt__node.html__nnn=true">Firma</a> dar die einfach International Datensammelt, so unschuldig wie <a href="http://www.google.de">Google</a> oder <a href="http://www.yahoo.com">Yahoo</a>. Das Datensammeln ist die beste Waffe, die den Bürgern einen Schutz vor Terrorismus bieten kann. Es gibt immer mehr Gesetze die den Umgang mit den Daten "regeln" sollen zum Schutz vor bösen Einflüssen. Hierbei ist aus einer Ecke der Begriff <a href="http://www.flashfonic.de/blog/wp-content/stasi20.gif">Stasi2.0</a> entstanden. Vorrats-Datenspeicherung betrifft auch die Oma die nichts mit Web2.0 zutun hat. Das zeigt, dass 2.0 nicht nur das Verhalten im Web betrifft, sonder eine Veränderung in der Gesellschaft beschreibt.</p>
<p>Zu User Generated Content  kann ich sagen, dass ich schon lange bei <a href="http://www.subway-sandwiches.de/">Subway</a> mein Sandwitch und bei <a href="http://www.starbucks.de">Starbucks</a> mein Café selbst generiere indem ich die einzelnen Zutaten bestimme. Gut den Content teile ich nicht mit der Welt, aber ich bestimme was passiert. Ich werde Teil des Prozesses. Nichts anderes passiert auch bei <a href="http://www.mymuesli.com/">mymuesli.com</a>, wo ich mein eigenes Müsli zusammen stelle und bestelle, halt web2.0.</p>
<p>Zum Glück bin ich mit der Idee nicht ganz allein, Tim O´Reilly sagte kürzlich zu dem Thema bei <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7373717.stm">BBC</a>: "It's the most profound change since the advent of literacy. And it's bigger than the industrial revolution."</p>
<p>Ich sehe noch kein Ende der Veränderungen, die Dienste die unser Leben verändert haben, werden sich jetzt noch mobil machen. Es wird eine komplette ein Bettung in den Alltag statt finden. Wir verändern uns mit den Gegenständen um uns. Bin gespannt wann man über das 2.0 Zeitalter in den Geschichtsbüchern liest. (Falls da noch richtige Bücher gibt :-) )</p>
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<title><![CDATA[La piantagione]]></title>
<link>http://ovunquelibri.wordpress.com/?p=26</link>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 May 2008 14:38:04 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>ovunquelibri</dc:creator>
<guid>http://ovunquelibri.wordpress.com/?p=26</guid>
<description><![CDATA[La Piantagione è l&#8217;ultimo romanzo di Calixthe Beyala pubblicato in Italia. Ambientato nello Z]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://ovunquelibri.wordpress.com/files/2008/05/copertinabeyala.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-28" src="http://ovunquelibri.wordpress.com/files/2008/05/copertinabeyala.jpg" alt="" width="140" height="212" /></a>La Piantagione è l'ultimo romanzo di Calixthe Beyala pubblicato in Italia. Ambientato nello Zimbabwe del 2000 mescola, come in Marquéz e Allende, storie d'amore ed eventi storici in un viluppo di personaggi tratteggiati con vividezza e ironia.</p>
<p><strong>Trova improprio questo accostamento? Quali sono i suoi riferimenti letterari?</strong></p>
<p>I miei riferimenti letterari sono gli stessi di chi ama leggere, vale a dire i grandi classici della letteratura mondiale. E' inevitabile poi che il lettore trovi rimandi o riferimenti più o meno precisi ad altri libri che ha letto. Una volta che il libro è stato scritto, l’autore ne perde la proprietà e lo affida al lettore. E' per questo che un romanzo può avere diverse interpretazioni a seconda di chi lo legge. Questo è il bello della scrittura.</p>
<p><strong>Un aspetto della sua scrittura che mi ha colpita è la sua capacità di scavalcare i generi, di fondere insieme il tono leggero del romanzo rosa e le immagini forti del noir. Il risultato è stupendo, come ci riesce?E' una questione di stile o una necessità espressiva?</strong></p>
<p>Non saprei dire come ci riesco, diciamo che mi viene naturale. Io scrivo così perché così vedo le cose. In effetti, questo stile è una necessità espressiva costante in tutti i miei romanzi.</p>
<p><strong>Tra i tanti temi affrontati in questo romanzo c'è quello dell'identità. Una identità che si fonda non su una differenza razziale, sociale, religiosa, etnica, ma che “è un fatto di vibrazione” (p.395). Lei, con il suo vissuto, nata a Douala (Camerun) e dall'età diciassette anni in Francia, come vive la sua identità?</strong></p>
<p>Mi ritengo ovviamente e innanzitutto un individuo ben specifico e dopo un’afro-europea. Esattamente come chiunque risieda stabilmente e da tempo in un paese occidentale ne ho assorbito le categorie culturali. Per questo trovo assurdo rinviare qualcuno a un presunto paese di origine quando ha metabolizzato la cultura del posto in cui è nato.</p>
<p><strong>La protagonista del suo romanzo,Blues Cornu, sceglie l'amore per la sua terra mettendo in secondo piano l'amore. Perché lo fa?</strong></p>
<p>In Africa le donne sono meno dipendenti dall’uomo. L’amore è importante, come dappertutto, ma ci sono altre cose importanti, non è l’unica cosa per la quale valga la pena vivere. C'è il lavoro, ma anche l’amicizia con le altre donne, la sorellanza. In Africa, una donna può crescere da sola un figlio perché intorno a lei si sviluppa una fitta rete di solidarietà che non la farà mai sentire sola.</p>
<p><strong>La famiglia Cornu ruota inizialmente attorno al capofamiglia Thomas, il bianco sicuro della legittimità dei propri possedimenti perché “noi abbiamo costruito il nostro patrimonio con il sudore della fronte” (p.200). Che cosa impara da lui Blues?</strong></p>
<p>C’è differenza tra i colonizzatori, venuti a saccheggiare una terra dando in cambio disprezzo e uccisioni e chi, come Thomas Cornu, si è radicato in quella terra per lavorarla. È questo che Blues recepisce, il fatto che i latifondisti come suo padre sono essenzialmente diversi dai coloni. Ovviamente è ingiusto che il 2% della popolazione concentri nelle sue mani la totalità delle ricchezze, ma non ha senso contrapporre a quest’ingiustizia un’altra ingiustizia e sottrarre completamente le terre a chi le aveva fatte prosperare per darle in mano agli “amici” del Presidente.</p>
<p><strong>“Al mondo non esistono innocenti, signor Cornu. Esistono solo creature di cui ignoriamo i crimini” (p. 207). Lo dice il sanguinario colonnello Comorès quando arresta Thomas. Che cosa significa esattamente?</strong></p>
<p>Nessuno può dire di essere senza colpe finché nel mondo ci saranno ingiustizie e disparità così evidenti. Fino a poco tempo fa l’Occidente ha voluto imporre un neocolonialismo impartendo lezioni su come governare e chi tenere al potere. Oggi però i giovani non accettano più questo stato di cose, anche perché l’Occidente non è più l’unico interlocutore economico. L’Africa è diventata importantissima anche per l’India e la Cina. Ecco perché non è più possibile considerare i paesi del continente africano come i fratelli minori di quello europeo.</p>
<p><strong>Lei è una donna impegnata politicamente, nel senso originario e autentico del termine. Quale sono le cause per le quali si batte? Che cosa è il Collectif Egalité?</strong></p>
<p>Mi batto affinché gli africani che nascono e vivono in Europa siano riconosciuti pari agli altri cittadini, che siano finalmente considerati afro-europei. Inoltre, mi batto per i diritti delle donne, che sia in Europa o in Africa. Il Collectif Egalité milita affinché le minoranze abbiano dei rappresentanti sul piccolo schermo, dei presentatori di telegiornali, per esempio, che godano di una percentuale più alta di visibilità in quanto cittadini a pieno diritto di un paese.</p>
<p><strong>La ringrazio di cuore. Vuole aggiungere qualcosa?</strong></p>
<p>Sì, vorrei ricordare che è necessario che gli esseri umani si rendano finalmente conto di essere fratelli. Fino a quando non ci sarà il rispetto dell’altro e della sua integrità, andremo sempre incontro a guerre e a tragedie umanitarie.</p>
<p>Calixthe Beyala, La piantagione, Epoché, (16,50 €).</p>
<p>già in <a href="http://www.ilreporter.com">ilreporter.com</a></p>
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<title><![CDATA[époqè.wordpress.com]]></title>
<link>http://selahblogg.wordpress.com/?p=278</link>
<pubDate>Mon, 31 Mar 2008 11:53:41 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Daniel Blomqvist</dc:creator>
<guid>http://selahblogg.wordpress.com/?p=278</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Idag startar jag en ny blogg som kommer att heta &#8220;époqè&#8220;. Som några säkert märkt ha]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Idag startar jag en ny blogg</strong> som kommer att heta "<a href="http://epoqe.wordpress.com/2008/03/29/hello-world/"><strong>époqè</strong></a>". Som några säkert märkt har aktiviteten på den här bloggen varit mycket låg mycket länge. Materialet som finns här kommer finnas kvar och nya inlägg kommer säkert att komma med tiden men just nu förläggs verksamheten till<strong> </strong><a href="http://epoqe.wordpress.com/2008/03/29/hello-world/"><strong>époqè</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p>
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<title><![CDATA[Comentando um comentário]]></title>
<link>http://espectivas.wordpress.com/?p=547</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 07 Mar 2008 18:15:21 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>O. Braga</dc:creator>
<guid>http://espectivas.wordpress.com/?p=547</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Em relação a este post, e a este comentário:

Destaco Wittgenstein da maioria dos filósofos do s]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Em relação a <a href="http://espectivas.wordpress.com/2008/03/05/ding-an-sich/">este post</a>, e a <a href="http://espectivas.wordpress.com/2008/03/05/ding-an-sich/#comment-1149">este comentário</a>:<br />
<!--more--><br />
Destaco Wittgenstein da maioria dos filósofos do século 20, não porque eu simpatize particularmente com a sua teoria, mas porque ele seguiu a tradição da filosofia como actividade racional, e não como doutrina ideológica.</p>
<p>O <i> númeno </i> de Kant tem paralelo no <i> mundo místico </i> de Wittgenstein, sendo que o que é “místico” é a <b> essência </b> do mundo (a “coisa em si” ou “Ding an Sich”, segundo Kant), e não a <b> forma </b> (aparência) dos “factos” (“fenómenos”, segundo Kant). Os “limites da linguagem”, segundo Wittgenstein, têm paralelo nos “limites do conhecimento”, segundo Kant, e esses limites não são factos do mundo porque não se podem exprimir através da linguagem – não podem ser ditos. O “místico” é o indizível porque inexpressável através da linguagem humana. Este conceito (na minha opinião) é irrefutável. </p>
<p>Porém, Wittgenstein vai mais longe do que Kant, no que respeita aos valores – e nomeadamente, aos valores éticos. Segundo Witt, a própria ética é inexprimível através da linguagem, isto é, a ética provém do mundo místico e não do mundo dos factos. </p>
<p>Contudo, Witt debate-se com uma contradição quando concebe o seu mundo místico onde existem os valores e o mundo dos factos onde os valores não existem, ao mesmo tempo que retira qualquer sentido às indagações metafísicas por parte do ser humano. Para Witt, o “problema da vida” resolve-se com o seu fim.<br />
Witt assemelha-se a um não-crente que pressente a existência de Deus, mas cala-se porque não tem provas da sua existência. Porém, o facto de Witt ter admitido a noção de “limite do mundo” no sentido místico, dissocia-o do materialismo filosófico <i> tout cours </i>. </p>
<p>Em contraponto, Kant, através do seu conceito de “fé racional”, não só deixa tacitamente em aberto a hipótese de a Razão vir progressivamente a desvendar os segredos da metafísica espiritualista, que fazem parte do limite do conhecimento – Kant não manda calar ninguém, como faz o Witt,  perante aquilo que “não se pode falar”, isto é, o desconhecido –, como considera que o “fenómeno” interage com o “númeno”, isto é, existe uma conexão valorativa entre ambos, e o “fenómeno” também faz parte do mundo dos valores. Para Kant, “o problema da vida” resolve-se com a evolução da Razão que progressivamente descobrirá a verdade. </p>
<p><HR width="”50%”"><br />
<font color="navy"></p>
<blockquote><p><i> “<b>O espírito, e só ele, tem uma essência em si mesmo e por si mesmo, é autónomo </b>, e é apenas tendo em conta esta autonomia que pode ser tratado de uma forma verdadeiramente racional e de um modo radicalmente científico” </i> – Husserl, in “Crise das Ciências Europeias” </p></blockquote>
<p></font><br />
Para falar de Husserl necessitamos de definir o conceito de “Epoché”, porque sem isso a maioria não o compreenderia. “Epoché” deriva do grego antigo e significa “paragem”, “interrupção” ou “suspensão de juízo”. Para os filósofos cépticos, “Epoché” significa a recusa de defender uma tese. Por exemplo, quando Wittgenstein manda calar as pessoas perante “aquilo que não se pode falar”, isto é, perante o desconhecido , trata-se de um “Epoché” – de uma suspensão de juízo. </p>
<p>Para Husserl, “Epoché” significa a suspensão do mundo, como que parado no tempo, embora com todas as suas características presentes e, por isso, passíveis de serem analisadas “de fora”, por um observador exterior. O “Epoché” de Husserl que suspende (interrompe a marcha) o mundo no tempo e no espaço,  permite a quem medita conhecer-se a si próprio e tomar consciência da sua própria essência, e a autoconsciência adquirida desta forma é o “eu puro” de Husserl (ou o “eu transcendental”). </p>
<p>Existe na essência  do “Epoché” de Husserl uma ideia de desprendimento espiritual em relação às coisas mundanas, porque através do Epoché,  “nos tornamos observadores desinteressados do mundo”. Existe algo de mediúnico (no sentido espiritualista) na filosofia de Husserl, quando ele dá a primazia à intuição da essência em detrimento dos factos mundanos; trata-se de uma “ciência” teórica (contemplativa), intuitiva e não-objectiva. </p>
<p>Através do “Epoché”, Husserl pretende alcançar o “eu absoluto”, verdadeiramente apodíctico e compatível com o “a priori” da “coisa em si” de Kant, e com o “limite da linguagem” de Wittgenstein. Portanto, Husserl não foi, de todo, um filósofo existencialista no sentido materialista (não confundir com o “existencialismo” cristão de Kierkegaard), como foi Heidegger. </p>
<p><HR width="”50%”"></p>
<p>Heidegger foi influenciado pelo método de investigação de Husserl, assim como Fichte foi muito influenciado pelo método de Kant mas em muito pouco as suas filosofias são comparáveis. </p>
<p>Sob o ponto de vista pessoal, Heidegger e Husserl eram muito diferentes: Husserl era judeu, e Heidegger foi simpatizante do partido nazi. </p>
<p>Husserl dedicou-se à “essência dos modos de consciência”, enquanto Heidegger aprofundou o <b> desconstrucionismo ideológico </b> inerente à existência como sendo constituída por <i> possibilidades </i> (é esta a fonte do relativismo moral contemporâneo) herdado de Marx e Engels, que por sua vez foram buscar a Nietzsche, que por sua vez se baseou em Rousseau.  O Ser-aqui (Dasein) é sempre uma possibilidade material, enquanto o “Eu puro” de Husserl (Sosein) é a indagação sobre a essência dos “modos da consciência” entendida como meta-material. </p>
<p>O Dasein de Heidegger requer uma experiência inter-pessoal, isto é, puramente material, enquanto que o Sosein de Husserl provém de um Epoché apodíctico.  </p>
<p>Se bem que a análise da existência de Heidegger siga o <b> método fenomenológico </b> de análise das <b> modalidades </b> de investigação filosófica (e não a análise do mundo dos “fenómenos” como sendo <b> objectos </b> de investigação) que foi buscar a Husserl, o facto de  Heidegger seguir o mesmo método de investigação não significa que as essências das duas filosofias sejam semelhantes. O método fenomenológico  é uma mera ferramenta de trabalho utilizada por ambos, e para além do facto de ambos terem valorizado a <i> subjectividade </i>, acaba aqui qualquer semelhança entre os dois.<br />
Quando Husserl diz que “a fenomenologia somos Heidegger e eu”, refere-se ao método de investigação, e não às essências das suas teorias. </p>
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<title><![CDATA[24/02 BASTEUCH's Day]]></title>
<link>http://biarritz23.wordpress.com/?p=50</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 24 Feb 2008 02:53:30 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>23</dc:creator>
<guid>http://biarritz23.wordpress.com/?p=50</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Questo è il suo giorno, il giorno che, a quanto dice lui, sancisce e festeggia la sua venuta al mon]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Questo è il suo giorno, il giorno che, a quanto dice lui, sancisce e festeggia la sua venuta al mondo...non siamo sicuri dica però la verità! Sostiene, anche, di essere nato nel 1974. Qui i nostri dubbi si fanno certezza! Sta mentendo! Dovremmo perciò essere (io, 23 e Giusbel) suoi coetanei, ma uno sguardo è sufficiente a far capire a chiunque che questo è impossibile. La profondità del suo sguardo, il suo viso segnato dallo scorrere di un tempo (che per lui ha costanti diverse dalle nostre), la<img border="2" align="left" width="71" src="http://img176.imageshack.us/img176/2666/basteuchji2.jpg" height="71" /> sua atavica conoscenza di qualsivoglia stile e corrente musicale e mille altre piccole sfaccettature, ci hanno portato negli anni a dubitare delle sue parole, ed ad intraprendere una difficile e certosina ricerca della verità sulle sue radici. I nostri sforzi non ci hanno ancora portato ad una vera biografia sul suo conto, ma ci hanno permesso di diradare un minimo la fitta coltre di nebbia e mistero che lo circonda. Cosa abbiamo scoperto? Alcune delle sue più evidenti escursioni nella storia del mondo, ed alcuni dei suoi chirurgici ed indispensabili interventi a favore dell'evoluzione umana. (in ordine sparso)...:</p>
<p>- è stato il passante che disse ad un giovane Philip Morris: "...c'hai una sigaretta?"</p>
<p>- mentre dei giovani Pink Floyd stavano provando in sala di registrazione, disse: "attenti, c'è un'altra crepa nel muro!"</p>
<p>- sul monte Sinai disse: "ok, le tavole le abbiamo, se qualcuno trova le sedie, io ho portato i panini e le coke"<!--more--></p>
<p>- ad Alessandro Volta disse: "guarda che devi premere l'interruttore perchè si accenda..."</p>
<p>- sul Titanic, rivolto al capitano, disse: "tranquillo, guido io!"</p>
<p>- colto da un'insaziabile appetito si arrampicò su un albero per cogliere una mela, la sua poca grazia fece precipitare il frutto in testa ad un ignaro campeggiatore seduto all'ombra dell'albero, Basteuch disse: "mi scusi buon uomo", il signore, che di nome faceva Newton, rispose: "non saprò mai come ringraziarti"</p>
<p>- il mozzo che, parlando con C.Colombo, gli disse: "tranquillo, per le Indie dritto così!"</p>
<p>- il taxista che a Bill Gates disse: "secondo me i computer sono il futuro"</p>
<p>- Lucio Battisti gli chiese: "...come cavolo si chiamano,...non mi viene..." e lui con la sua genuina noncuranza, gli rispose: "boh, tu chiamale, se vuoi, Emozioni.."<img border="2" align="right" width="150" src="http://img207.imageshack.us/img207/617/tortacompleannowu1.jpg" height="144" /></p>
<p>Moltissime sono le impronte che ha lasciato, difficili da trovare...queste sono le cose che per ora abbiamo scoperto. Cosa dire? Un uomo che, a modo suo, ha fatto, e continuerà a fare, la storia! Basteuch è un pò come l'ebreo errante; ha percorso così tanta strada e per così tanto tempo che (forse) neppure lui sa più chi è, e da dove viene...abbiamo tentato di fare un pò di luce, ma in fondo, non ce ne frega niente di chi è o delle sue origini, a noi piace così. Dove sta andando (forse) lui lo sa, ma dovunque sia a noi basta solo potergli essere accanto, perchè Lui è il nostro amico Basteuch... Buon Compleanno, da parte di 23, Giusbel e di chiunque voglia aggregarsi!!! :D</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Vergiss MEIN nicht! ]]></title>
<link>http://schreibenundlesen.wordpress.com/?p=48</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 12 Feb 2008 21:13:19 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Marianne und Sanja</dc:creator>
<guid>http://schreibenundlesen.wordpress.com/?p=48</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Es ist ein regnerischer Samstag. &#8220;Eine gute Gelgenheit für ein gutes Buch&#8221;, denkt sich ]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Es ist ein regnerischer Samstag. "Eine gute Gelgenheit für ein gutes Buch", denkt sich unsere Hauptperson. Sie schlendert mit einem Regenschirm zur nächten Buchhandlung. Als sie die Türe öffnet strömt ihr der Duft vieler tausender Bücher entgegen. Gemütlich schlendert sie weiter zu den unterschiedlichsten Regale und liest die Umschläge: Orlando, Der Magier, Faust, Hiob, Große Erwartungen, Jane Eyre, Das Dekameron, Der alte Mann und das Meer- das "Übliche" eben. Doch plötzlich hält sie dieses eine Buch in der Hand: der Autor: ein gewisser <em>Beppe Fenoglio</em>; der Titel: <em>Eine Privatsache</em>. </p>
<p>Jeder von uns könnte die Hauptperson dieser Szene sein, denn jeder von uns(zumindest nehme ich das an) war schon einmal in so einer Situation. Man fragt sich dann natürlich, ob es womöglich an (s)einer Bildungslücke liegt oder einfacher, an dem Autor selbst. Ich meine, was können wir dafür, wenn er es nicht geschafft hat das Zeitliche durch Alkoholprobleme a la Hemingway zu segnen und damit in die Literaturgeschichte einzugehen?! Womöglich klingt es grausam und gemein, aber seien wir mal ehrlich, es ist nunmal so!<br />
Gut, dass es in solchen Situationen Journalisten gibt und natürlich auch BLOGS- so wie dieser hier, die sich diesen Problemen annehemen und versuchen sowohl die Bildungslücke zu stopfen, als auch das Andenken eines unbekannten Autors(möge seine Seele in Frieden ruhen) zu wahren! Diese Journalisten arbeiten dann beispielsweise z.B. für die deutsche Wochenzeitung "Zeit", die eine ganze Rubrik(?!) <a href="http://www.zeit.de/themen/kultur/literatur/vergessene-buecher">vergessenen Autoren</a> widmet.<br />
Einer davon ist der bereits erwähnte <a href="http://www.zeit.de/online/2008/05/vergessene-autoren-04">Beppe Fenoglio</a>, ein italienischer Schriftsteller, der 1922 in dem kleinen Städtchen Alba geboren wird um genau 40 Jahre später zu sterben. Als Verfasser einer Handvoll Romane wurde er in den fünfziger Jahren kurz bekannt, dann zog er sich vom Literaturbetrieb zurück, um als Englischkorrespondent einer Weinfirma ein unscheinbares Leben zu führen. Er war eben öffentlichkeitsscheu und fand es nicht mehr nötig zu publizieren, auch wenn er weiterhin schrieb!<br />
Fenoglio´s Werke gehören teilweise zum <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienischer_Neorealismus">Neorealismus</a>(ca. 1943- 1954)- eine Epoche der Filmgeschichte und der Literatur, inspieriert vom französischen poetischen Realismus und Marxismus. </p>
<p>In seinem berühmtesten Roman <a href="http://www.amazon.de/Eine-Privatsache-Roman-Beppe-Fenoglio/dp/3596295149/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&#38;s=gateway&#38;qid=1202850591&#38;sr=8-1">"Eine Privatsache"</a>(ebenfalls vorhin erwähnt) erzählt er die Passionsgeschichte des jungen Partisanen Milton, der sich mit seiner Truppe in der Nähe eines Landhauses befindet, wo er Jahre zuvor eine Liebesaffäre mit der jungen Fulvia erlebt hatte und sie noch immer liebt. Diese Liebe soll ihm zum Verhängnis werden, als er erfährt, dass sie ihn mit seinem besten Freund Giorgio betrogen hat. Dieser ist wiederum in Gefangenschaft geraten. Bei dem Versuch Milton´s Giorgio zu befreien, verliert er sein Leben... seine private Angelegenheit wurde ihm zum tödlichen Verhältnis!<br />
Klingt doch ganz spannend- und immer nur Hemingway oder Andersch ist auch langweilig, also ab zur nächten Buchhandlung oder Bibliothek und schnell das Werk kaufen bzw.ausborgen! </p>
<p>Eure Sanja :-)</p>
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<title><![CDATA[P. Kerszberg: 'Natural Science and the Experience of Nature']]></title>
<link>http://erlebnis.wordpress.com/2007/11/30/p-kerszberg-natural-science-and-the-experience-of-nature/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2007 16:57:55 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>noah37</dc:creator>
<guid>http://erlebnis.wordpress.com/2007/11/30/p-kerszberg-natural-science-and-the-experience-of-nature/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[We began this course, and Husserl in a sense began his phenomenological project, with a concern over]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">We began this course, and Husserl in a sense began his phenomenological project, with a concern over the “grounding'' of the natural sciences. Citing extensively from Husserl’s <em>The Crisis of European Sciences</em>, Pierre Kerszberg's article, ``Natural Science and the Experience of Nature,'' is an extended review of the ways in which the natural sciences have attempted to ground themselves, and how, for Husserl, they have failed in this attempt. As such, the article rehearses the phenomenology-motivating dialectic we outlined in the first class and saw in <em>Ideas I</em>, though it does so in considerably more detail with regard the dialectic’s relation to developments in the historiography of mathematics/science and philosophies of mathematics/science (e.g. Euclidean space, Plato’s Theory of Forms, the Copernican Revolution, the principle of induction, Newtonian physics, Einstein’s theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, among others) —all of which, as we shall see, Husserl interprets as having become appropriated as part of the “Galilean project” that characterizes modern philosophy.</span><!--more--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Some preliminary notes: Kerszberg is by all indications highly sympathetic to Husserl’s critique of the natural sciences, and in the article Husserl and Kerszberg’s voices often seem to meld into a single argument; which are Husserl’s and which are Kerszberg’s insights is often not clear. For this reason, I propose below not to try to sort out who’s analysis is whose, but rather outline some of the principle ideas presented in the article (whosever they are in the final analysis). While, in my view, Kerszberg’s presentation of these ideas is somewhat turgid and disorganized, the ideas themselves are really fairly straightforward and familiar when boiled down. For the benefit of anyone who might want further explore the contours of Kerszberg’s interesting discussions of the phenomenological critique of modern science, then, I propose to present some of its central ideas in what I hope to be a more accessible manner that.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">The article speaks of the crisis of modern science being the ever widening gap between the “world of science” and the “world of immediate experience” (188). The world of science as we know it today is the progeny of what Husserl calls the “Galilean project.” It is “the idea of a world existing in itself, fixed and determined, coupled with ideal scientific truths which are also valid in themselves” (196-7). But the question arises from the basic tenets of empiricism (never mind phenomenology) of how we—even in the collective—could possibly have access to this “real” world of science from our inherently subjective “world of immediate experience.” This is the problem of articulating the “bridge” between the world of experience and the world of science, needed by the latter world to ground itself. But this proves a formative and, for the phenomenologist or anti-realist, ultimately futile task. For, even granted the validity of science’s laws—their ability to accurately account for and predict the way the world works—this still can say nothing of the world’s objective existence. To pretend that the confirmation of scientific theories entails the actual existence of the objects they presuppose would be a conflation of methodology and ontology. In the Husserlian analysis, this precisely the artifice involved in the Galilean project, which assumes that the valid scientific truths we derive to describe or explain objects in the (realist) world are equivalent to those objects themselves (191). This trickery at once explains why the Galilean project has succeeded in attaining the hegemony it has (191), but also why it, in the final analysis, remains ungrounded. For once its artifice is uncovered, it becomes apparent that it “fails to secure a proper understanding of its own truths” (ibid); that is, it fails to bridge the gap between its own world of science and the world of experience in which it must be grounded. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">The adherent of the Galilean project would certainly not be satisfied here, however. After all, she would argue, scientists are empiricists too(!); all of the scientific disciplines take empirical data (from the “world of immediate experience”) as their foundation, attempting to discover and systematize the principles that underlie this data. She would marshal as evidence science’s celebrated history of “scientific revolutions,” wherein when the principles of science fell out of line, so to speak, with our empirical observations, those principles were overthrown in favor of principles which more faithfully conformed to our empirical observations (189). In this precisely this way, the realist scientist argues, does science “ground” itself in our immediate experience. What else more could we want?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">The phenomenological response is this: though “modern science vindicates a higher respect both of, and for, empirical evidence,…at the same time priority is given to a well-defined Idea of the world” (194). So, though this “Idea”—being some combination of the scientific method, the laws the method purports to come upon, and the higher order “form of forms” which is the condition for the possibility of this whole enterprise (194)—is in some respects based upon empirical evidence, it ultimately aims to subordinate all other empirical evidence to its universality. In modern science, that is, the Idea always takes precedence over the empirical data itself, and in doing so it inevitably passes over the complexity of immediate experience “to anticipate its conformity with the overall plan for the world—the form which hangs over all forms” (194).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">This is just to say that modern science never escapes from the naïve interpretive framework of the natural attitude (192). And in this sense, the Galilean project is actually not anything so new: it just represents a systemization of the natural attitude into abstractions never previously imagined (ibid). But the naiveté carries over. The natural attitude and the Galilean project, then, both interpret experience through unfounded presumptions, and thereby limit the potential experience as it is given to us in and of itself, “pre-scientifically” (ibid)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">This is, of course, where we are motivated to enact the “transcendental turn.” We escape the impoverished existence brought on through the natural attitude by bracketing “any pretension…to the being that things seem to have ‘in themselves’” (192) and thereby “boost the minimum of concrete experience with which we begin” (194). And only then can we undertake the “rigorous science” of phenomenology.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Though Kerszberg never comes explicitly back to the question of the “bridge” between the “world of experience” and the “world of science,” assumedly with the transcendental turn this distinction is collapsed and the need for a bridge that would connect them thus obviated. For the Husserlian phenomenologist, I think, the status of modern science would be at best instrumentalist, though necessarily much more limited in scope than it purports; the phenomenologist might grant that modern science succeeds in accurately describing and perhaps predicting the workings (motion, interaction) of “physical” objects, while denying that it can say anything of the “being” or “essence” of those objects. This latter investigation is the purview of phenomenology (195).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Kerszberg, Pierre. "Natural Science and the Experience of Nature." <em>Journal of the Theoretical Humanities</em> 10, no. 1 (2005).</span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"></span></p>
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<title><![CDATA[F. Milian: 'The Husserlian Ideal of a Pure Phenomenology']]></title>
<link>http://erlebnis.wordpress.com/2007/11/30/f-milian-the-husserlian-ideal-of-a-pure-phenomenology/</link>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2007 04:32:14 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>Angel Flores</dc:creator>
<guid>http://erlebnis.wordpress.com/2007/11/30/f-milian-the-husserlian-ideal-of-a-pure-phenomenology/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Milian begins his essay by highlighting what he believes to be the attractiveness of Husserl’s phe]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Milian begins his essay by highlighting what he believes to be the attractiveness of Husserl’s phenomenology. He explains these to be phenomenology’s claim of being a “pre-suppositionless discipline,” phenomenology’s elegance in its movement from the natural attitude to the transcendent ego, and the role phenomenology plays as being “in contradistinction to positivism.” Milian’s major point in the essay is to produce a critique of Husserl by examining whether or not the aforementioned goals are achieved through a phenomenologically sound methodology.<!--more--></p>
<p>The first point of contention for Milian is a confusion within Husserl’s phenomenology created by Husserl himself, which is the inclusion of “two entirely different theories, a descriptive phenomenology and a transcendental idealism.” Also of importance to Milian is the existence of so called “absolute idealism” which Husserl moves toward in Ideas. Milian then goes on to list some other criticisms, too many to list here, but some of which include Husserl’s confusion of methodology with ontology, a lack of naturalistic sophistication, and a failure to work within the claimed phenomenological framework.</p>
<p>For Milian, what is at the heart of phenomenology is an unaccounted for mixture of theories. He says there are two major theories, the descriptive phenomenology described in Ideas, including discussion of the natural attitude and bracketing, and the later transcendent idealism. In the eyes of the essayist, these two theories, while interesting, are “irreconcilable.” More specifically, Milian gives the example of “cosmic being winning its existential validity in and through the transcendental ego.” This “absolute idealism” is, for the author, in conflict with the aforementioned descriptive phenomenology lobbied for before hand. With the transcendent turn, Husserl has strayed from the goal first illustrated as being the grounds for phenomenology, and the end extinguishes all of excitement first associated with the Husserlian Ideal.</p>
<p>In addition, Milian finds much of Husserl’s transcendental idealistic notions as simply ridiculous. Milian states rather harshly on a quotation of Husserl’s dealing with the transcendental subjective foundation of reality, “I, for one, see no grounds for trying to take this quotation to mean anything other than what it does appear to mean, an obvious absurdity.”  In essence, for all of Husserl’s treatment of phenomenology as a purely descriptive “First Philosophy,” it slips into the metaphysical assertions it claims to be free from.</p>
<p>This is explained in the following way. Phenomenology is “in principle committed to accepting no principle into its procedures which cannot be given in self evidence.” The reason this is of so much importance for Milian is because it is fundamental to phenomenology, on this principle is where the claim to being free of pre-suppositions rests. But, Milian is quick to highlight, the idealism implicitly and explicitly found in Husserl, be it of the “absolute” or transcendent form, is oppositional to those phenomenological “commitments.” The sum of this action of Husserl’s is a complete “failure in his attempt to delineate an indisputably First Philosophy.”</p>
<p>More to the point and explicitly stated, Milian says that there are plenty of philosophical reasons for Husserl’s transcendental turn. But the conflict that arises for him is whether or not this “move could be phenomenologically grounded.” As it cannot be, Husserl’s phenomenology is not a “pure” one, the pureness being a concept Husserl himself introduced. In more specific terms, Husserl turns against the discipline he himself advocated.</p>
<p>Milian, Fernando, “The Husserlian Ideal of a Pure Phenomenology.” pp. 160.</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Pure Consciousness]]></title>
<link>http://erlebnis.wordpress.com/2007/09/20/19907/</link>
<pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2007 12:46:59 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jonathanziemba</dc:creator>
<guid>http://erlebnis.wordpress.com/2007/09/20/19907/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Class on 19 September &#8230; Today was our first day describing what &#8220;happens&#8221; after th]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Class on 19 September</em> ... Today was our first day describing what "happens" after the epoché is put in place. It is important to note again the central role of the epoché in Husserlian phenomenology. In a way, a lot of Husserl "falls into place" after understanding the epoché. Why? <!--more-->Well, the epoché requires us to dedicate ourselves to what is at hand, namely, lived experience. Before the epoché, the "real-world" existence of objects, something with affects in no way whatever our lived experience of them, still determined our judgements regarding experience. What the epoché does is limit (not by destroying, but by "setting aside") our consciousness to that which absolutely concerns it, and nothing besides. This new realm that is opened up is the realm of "pure" consciousness, or Erlebnis. After the the brackets of the epoché are set in place, we discover the World before us, that is, the totality of possible conscious experience.</p>
<p>Along with this discussion, however, comes an important distinction between "consciousness" in phenomenological language and in common parlance. Does the epoché plunge us into narcissistic introspection in so far as it dedicates us to facts of our "consciousness"? Such a question is conditioned, clearly, by a definition of consciousness that confines the latter to an "in-here" that finds itself opposed to an "out-there." This is the popular notion of consciousness. This isn't an entirely incorrect concept, but it is not the type of consciousness which Husserl employs in <em>Ideas</em>. Conscious reflection for Husserl is always attending to lived experience, it is constantly, if we can envision it as being "in-here", pushing out of itself toward Erlebnis. What's more, the experience to which it attends is in no way altered by acts of the reflecting ego. Thus, we can see that Husserl envisions pure consciousness as elucidating the World, not caught up in its own realm, but constantly communicating with lived experience. This brings us back to the epoché, since if there is no inherent incommensurability between pure consciousness and the World, what remains after the bracketing (Pure Consciousness) is all that is needed to explain what goes on in the Natural Attitude.</p>
<p>Finally, John discussed three aspects of Pure Consciousness, which will most likely be brought up again in the context of immanence and transcendence. Pure Consciousness is marked by three traits: unity, flow, and the presence of a pure ego. The first term refers to the "Mineness" of consciousness, that is, it refers to the fact that all of my consciousness is necessarily united, or else I couldn't speak of it as Mine. A consciousness that is not unified cannot be any one conciousness at all, for if we talk about the non-unified and disparate moments of a consciousness, it would unify them as its own. Yet the second term points us to something that doesn't seem unified, a flow of consciousness. How are all of these conscious moments my own? It is the Pure Ego that serves as the unifying force among inherently disparate conscious experiences. It the constitution of the flow, and that which can see itself in any conscious experience.</p>
<p>What is pure consciousness? How is the Pure Ego related to such consciousness? Why must consciousness be unified?</p>
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<title><![CDATA[Ideation and the Epoché]]></title>
<link>http://erlebnis.wordpress.com/2007/09/18/17907-ideation-and-the-epoche/</link>
<pubDate>Tue, 18 Sep 2007 01:04:13 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>jonathanziemba</dc:creator>
<guid>http://erlebnis.wordpress.com/2007/09/18/17907-ideation-and-the-epoche/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Class on 17 September &#8230; Today in class we focused mainly on two concepts, that of Eidos/Ideati]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Class on 17 September</em> ... Today in class we focused mainly on two concepts, that of Eidos/Ideation and the phenomenological epoché.</p>
<p>The Natural Standpoint or Attitude is partly characterized by its constancy. As Husserl tells us, <!--more-->while we enter into the "arithmetical" standpoint (or any number of other standpoints), we do not move out of some lesser natural sphere. In no way is the Natural Attitude to be surpassed or defeated by other standpoints. The Natural Attitude is not something posited, and does not consist in the act of examining its existence, rather, as John mentioned in class, it is in a way "always already" there for us. However, phenomenology wishes to concern itself with essences, and cannot be entirely content with the Natural Attitude, which it seeks to alter. Here enters the concept of ideation, or the Eidetic seizing-on of what would be passed over in the Natural Attitude. Ideation gets after what is invariant in experiences, that is, the essential half of the fact/essence combination. Of course, as we have noted several times, fact and essence are inseperable, but this doesn't stop the phenomenologist from an essential preoccupation. So, in looking at my computer, I as a phenomenologist will pursue that which makes this "this-here" a computer, that is, the essential, invariant eidetic aspects of this experience that produce "computer-ness." I will not content myself with the simple proposition: "This fact is a computer." The latter proposition exists in the Natural Attitude, and is an example of the purely quotidian reality of that standpoint. The former, the eidetic investigation, is what makes phenomenology phenomenology. This is the principle of Ideation, the real starting point of phenomenology, and the beginning shift away from the Natural Attitude.</p>
<p>This discussion is aided by the second concept discussed in class, that of the epoché. Problems have consistently arisen in class regarding false perceptions, for example that of seeing a mannaquin and mistaking it for a human. The phenomenologist on the eidetic trail isn't troubled by this case of mistaken identity, because, as Husserl points out, the accuracy of the one experience will ultimately be confirmed/denied by another, equally factical/essential experience to come. This is essentially a result of the epoché. What lies outside of immediate lived experience is set aside, this means "all theories and sciences...which relate" to spacio-temporal existence. It is important to note, as Husserl does, and as we did in class, that in no way is the epoché an act of scepticism or sophism; the existence of the world "the way it is" is never doubted. Rather, everything that is other than that which immediately presents itself to the phenomenologist is set aside, spared from any judgement. If one experience is evidently mistaken, it cannot be both mistaken and taken for true at once, and its truth will reveal itself in another, equally "valid" experience. It would be a violation of the phenomenological method, in so far as that method takes any and all (even psychic) experience as its starting point, to ignore this crucial aspect. All experience is taken directly as it appears, and anything else is "bracketed" by the epoché.</p>
<p>The epoché is a tricky concept, but one that is crucial for Husserl (and, as John noted, for Derrida). We should try to get this down. What do you all make of the concept? Apply the epoché and attempt a phenomenological reading of something you see. In the epoché, what exactly is bracketed? What is "left in"?</p>
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<title><![CDATA[I CARTONI DELLA MIA INFANZIA E NON SOLO]]></title>
<link>http://elfobianco.wordpress.com/2007/09/02/i-cartoni-della-mia-infanzia-e-non-solo/</link>
<pubDate>Sun, 02 Sep 2007 21:55:34 +0000</pubDate>
<dc:creator>elfobianco</dc:creator>
<guid>http://elfobianco.wordpress.com/2007/09/02/i-cartoni-della-mia-infanzia-e-non-solo/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Ho preso l&#8217;ispirazione per questo post, dal blog di mio cugino (Neuro&#8217;s blog) anche se i]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ho preso l'ispirazione per questo post, dal blog di mio cugino <a href="http://neuro74.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">(Neuro's blog)</a> anche se i cartoni sono di due epoche, completamente differenti :D</p>
<p>In questo post, segnalo i primi 4 cartoni che mi sono venuti in mente, ma ho intenzione di aprire una<a href="http://elfobianco.wordpress.com/sigle-cartoni/" target="_blank"> sezione</a>, nella quale inserire tutte le sigle dei cartoni animati che nel tempo ho amato e seguito :D</p>
<p>1° KENSHIRO</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/QfnRxBmbGzs'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/QfnRxBmbGzs&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>2° LUPIN</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/O3bULQZ5VU8'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/O3bULQZ5VU8&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>3°  HOLLY E BENJI</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/KGN3Z8aWiSs'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/KGN3Z8aWiSs&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
<p>4° E' QUASI MAGIA JOHNNY</p>
<p><span style='text-align:center; display: block;'><object width='425' height='350'><param name='movie' value='http://www.youtube.com/v/_a-c0hd5OdU'></param><param name='wmode' value='transparent'></param><embed src='http://www.youtube.com/v/_a-c0hd5OdU&rel=0' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' wmode='transparent' width='425' height='350'></embed></object></span></p>
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